不同根系分泌物对土壤N2O排放及同位素特征值的影响

【目的】探究植物根系分泌的主要组分（有机酸、氨基酸、糖类）对土壤N₂O排放及其微生物过程的影响,为选择适宜的植物进而控制土壤N₂O排放提供支撑。【方法】通过室内试验分别添加草酸、丝氨酸、葡萄糖于土壤中模拟根系的3种主要分泌物,每种分泌物设置两个浓度水平：低浓度（150 μg C·d ^-1）和高浓度（300 μg C·d ^-1）,另设置添加蒸馏水的对照组,共7个处理。将土壤置于120 mL玻璃瓶中进行培养,24 h内采集气体样品7次,每次培养2 h,获取N₂O排放速率、日累积排放量和同位素特征值（δ ¹⁵N ^bulk、δ ¹⁸O和SP（site preference,SP=δ ¹⁵N ^α-δ ¹⁵N ^β））。【结果】添加3种根系分泌物组分后,土壤N₂O排放速率均逐渐升高,且均高于对照。高浓度处理组N₂O累积排放量为：葡萄糖（（3.2±1.3）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>丝氨酸（（2.6±0.5）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>草酸（（1.4±0.2）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理,低浓度处理组为：草酸（（2.7±1.3）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>丝氨酸（（1.8±0.4）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>葡萄糖（（1.6±0.8）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理;添加根系分泌物的不同处理间土壤N₂O的δ ¹⁸O值无明显差异,并稳定在24.1‰—25.6‰,且均显著高于对照（（20.1±1.5）‰）;土壤N₂O的δ ¹⁵N ^bulk值与添加根系分泌物的种类有关,其中草酸处理组为（-20.06±2.22）‰、丝氨酸处理组为（-22.33±1.10）‰、葡萄糖处理组为（-13.86±1.11）‰、对照组为（-23.14±3.72）‰。各处理土壤N₂O的SP值的变化范围为13.13‰—15.03‰,根系分泌物浓度越高,SP值越低。综合分析不同处理4个指标（N₂O排放速率、N₂O的δ ¹⁵N ^bulk、δ ¹⁸O和SP值）的不同时刻的检测值与日均值的校正系数,添加根系分泌物后第16小时各处理4个指标的校正系数最接近于1。【结论】在NH+ 4-300 mg N·kg ^-1的土壤环境下根系分泌物促进N₂O的排放,且在培养期间（24 h）土壤N₂O排放速率逐渐升高。高浓度处理组葡萄糖对土壤N₂O排放速率促进效果最强,低浓度处理组草酸对土壤N₂O排放速率促进效果最强。与对照组相比,根系分泌物的添加使N₂O的δ ¹⁸O值显著升高;与对照组相比,葡萄糖的添加使δ ¹⁵N ^bulk值显著升高。根系分泌物浓度越高,反硝化作用对N₂O的贡献越大。     

刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响

【目的】 刈割是草原主要利用方式之一,植物功能群和群落物种多样性是判别干扰条件下草地生态系统退化的重要生态学指标。研究不同刈割干扰下羊草草甸草原植物功能群和群落物种多样性的变化,了解刈割干扰下草原功能群与多样性变化过程和机制,为退化割草地生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔羊草草甸草原时空刈割配置为试验平台,于2014—2018年植物生长最旺盛的季节（即每年8月初）,采用样方法对各个小区进行群落植被调查。分析一年一割（G1）、两年一割（G2）、漏割带10 m（G3）、漏割带5 m（G4）和对照（CK）处理下草甸草原群落功能群和物种多样性变化以及刈割时间和不同刈割处理间的交互作用,探讨植物功能群与群落物种多样性的相关关系。【结果】 研究发现羊草（Leymus chinensis）在不同刈割制度下均为优势物种,但是随着刈割频次的增加呈现出羊草重要值逐渐降低,退化指示物种星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）、披针叶黄华（Thermopsis lanceolate）等重要值增加的趋势;两年一割处理下羊草、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、长柱沙参（Adenophora stenanthina）、柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium）和草地早熟禾（Poa ratensis）等植物重要值均高于其他处理。一年一割和常年不刈割处理下草地植物禾本科和豆科植物重要值所占比例减少,以退化植物居多的菊科和莎草科植物所占比例增加,在漏割带为10 m处理草地的豆科植物增加;刈割处理5年后,不同刈割制度下植物群落物种多样性指数均有增加,其中漏割带为10 m处理Shannon-Wiener多样性和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。5个刈割处理均匀度指数变化趋势不同,其中G3和G4处理草地的群落均匀度有增加的趋势,分别增加16%和5.8%,G1、G2和CK草地群落均匀度指数下降,其中G1下降最大（下降了1.8%）,其次是CK（下降1.6%）,G2草地下降最少。植物群落物种多样性指数变化分析表明经过5年不同刈割处理,漏割带10 m处理的草地植物群落物种多样性提高。群落物种多样性指数与植物功能群禾本科重要值存在极显著负相关关系,与毛茛科和菊科重要值呈现显著正相关关系。【结论】 长期高频度刈割会导致草原退化,同样对草原长期不利用也会致使草原发生逆行演替;两年一割和漏割带为10 m的连年刈割均可以缓解群落中禾本科等优势植物比例下降,促进毛茛科植物比例增加;经过5年的不同刈割处理,漏割带为10 m的刈割处理植物群落物种多样性有所提高,即对草原进行适度刈割干扰（两年一割和漏割带10 m）有利于草原的可持续发展。     

不同填充颗粒半径水稻种子离散元模型参数标定

气固两相流耦合仿真被广泛运用在气力式排种器工作过程的研究中，因确定性颗粒轨道数值计算模型的需求，种子多采用颗粒聚合的方法建模，该方法采用的填充球颗粒半径越小、数量越多就越能接近种子的真实形态，但会造成仿真计算资源过度消耗、仿真时间增长。为研究不同填充球半径的水稻种子模型对颗粒间的动力学响应特性的影响，寻找种子模型最佳的填充球颗粒数量，本文以水稻种子为研究对象，借助三维扫描与逆向拟合的方法获取种子外形轮廓，分别采用不同半径（0.30、0.21、0.18、0.16、0.15mm）的球颗粒对其进行填充，形成气固耦合的水稻颗粒粘结聚合模型。采用无底圆筒提升、滑落堆积的真实试验与仿真测定，采用曲面响应法，以休止角为指标，标定出不同填充球颗粒半径种子模型的种间静摩擦因数和动摩擦因数；通过圆筒提升和滑落堆积试验对参数进行验证，以仿真试验休止角的变异系数为指标，结果表明随着填充球半径的减小，仿真结果越接近真实值；通过水稻正压式排种器气固两相流耦合仿真进行验证，以充种率为指标，结果表明填充颗粒半径为0.21mm，仿真时长与仿真精度最优。     

土壤日晒在绿色植保中的应用与展望

土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。     

Comparative performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies under different nutrient and light conditions

Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate.     

小麦芒长抑制基因B2的精细定位与候选基因分析

芒是小麦重要的穗部器官和形态特征,是小麦长期进化和适应环境的结果,对产量和抗旱性等具有重要影响。目前,对麦芒的遗传与发育还缺乏系统的研究,相关基因克隆或精细定位的研究尚未见报道。本试验利用短芒材料‘六柱头’与长芒材料‘石矮1号’构建的F2群体(SL-F2)对芒的遗传与发育进行了研究。细胞学观察表明,短芒主要是由细胞长度变短引起;遗传分析表明,‘六柱头’的短芒由显性单基因控制;借助Wheat660K SNP芯片的BSA分析和SL-F2群体的精细定位,确定‘六柱头’的芒长抑制基因是前人报道的B2位点,并将其定位到6B染色体4.84Mb的物理区间(471.28～476.12 Mb)内,该区段在中国春与矮抗58间具有良好的共线性。在B2定位区间共有61个基因,其中5个在中国春穗部特异表达,TraesCS6B02G264400在中国春和Azhurnaya幼穗表达差异显著。这些研究结果为B2基因的克隆、小麦芒形成机理的解析及育种中的应用奠定了基础。     

Salvianolate attenuates oxidative stress injury of human endothelial EA.hy926 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide

AIM: To investigate the effect of salvianolate on oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human endothelial EA.hy926 cells.METHODS: EA.hy926 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into the following groups:control group, damage group, and anti-damage groups (salvianolate+damage groups). The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. The migration ability of the EA.hy926 cells was detected by Transwell assay. The content of nitric oxide (NO) in the culture supernatant of the EA.hy926 cells was examined. The levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected by ELISA. The apoptosis,mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular superoxide anion content of the EA.hy926 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein levels of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, NF-κB and p53 were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with damage group, the viability of EA.hy926 cells pretreated with salvianolate at different concentrations was significantly increased (P<0.05). The apoptotic rate was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Savianolate enhanced the migration ability of the cells. The levels of VEGF, NO and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were increased (P<0.05), and the intracellular ROS level was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The protein levels of NF-κB, p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were significantly decreased, and the protein level of Bcl-2 was markedly increased(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Savianolate reduces the damage of EA.hy926 cells by hydrogen peroxide exposure, and its mechanism may be related to the blocking of NF-κB signaling pathway.     

樱桃番茄抗青枯病砧木新品种海茄砧1 号的选育

海茄砧1 号是以野生茄子自交系HZ09-5 为母本，以从越南引进的茄子品种自交系HZ10-2 为父本育成的高抗青枯 病樱桃番茄砧木品种。植株生长势较强，第1 雌花节位约为第7 节，花为紫色，果实卵圆形，青熟果淡绿紫色或淡绿色，果 萼绿色，果长7～9 cm，果宽4～6 cm，单果质量为50～60 g，种子千粒重为3.2 g 左右，种皮浅黄色，高抗青枯病。海茄砧 1 号与樱桃番茄的嫁接亲和性好，共生性强，嫁接苗成活率高。嫁接后的樱桃番茄果萼开展，果面有光泽，可明显改善果实 VC、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量等品质，提高产量。适宜华南地区樱桃番茄的嫁接栽培。     

A rapid,simple, and sensitive immunoagglutination assay with silica nanoparticles for serotype identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

An agglutination test based on colored silica nanoparticles (colored SiNps) was established to detect serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Monodisperse colored SiNps were used as agglutination test carriers. The colored SiNps were prepared through reverse microemulsion with reactive dyes, sensitized with 11 kinds of mono-specific antibodies against P. aeruginosa, and denoted as IgG-colored SiNps. Eleven kinds of IgG-colored SiNps were individually mixed with P. aeruginosa on a glass slide. Different serotypes of P. aeruginosa could be identified by agglutination test with evident agglutination. The P. aeruginosa could be detected in a range from 3.6 × 10⁵ to 3.6 × 10¹² cfu mL^?1. This new agglutination test was confirmed to be a specific, sensitive, fast, easy-to-perform, and cost-efficient tool for the routine diagnosis of P. aeruginosa.     

微生物素在果蔬采后保鲜中的应用进展

微生物素在果蔬采后保鲜中有重要的应用价值,但目前实际应用在果蔬采后保鲜领域中的并不多。本文分析了目前已经应用到果蔬保鲜领域的微生物素种类,有乳酸链球菌肽、溶菌酶、木霉发酵液等,分析了其抑菌保鲜原理及研究现状;并结合微生物素的特点,提出了微生物素在未来果蔬采后保鲜中的发展趋势,即面对冷藏技术使用不完善的现象,可以开发利用更多的微生物素种类,如纳他霉素、红曲霉素、短梗霉多糖等,为今后果蔬采后保鲜领域的健康可持续发展提供参考。